Biology 07 25 Ecology and Behavior Community Ecology英文文献.pdf

25 Community Ecology Concept Outline 25.1 Interactions among competing species shape ecological niches. The Realized Niche. Interspecific interactions often limit the portion of their niche that they can actua y use. Gause and the Principle of Competitive Exclusion. No two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely without competition driving one to extinction. Resource Partitioning. Species that live together partition the available resources, reducing competition. Detecting Interspecific Competition. Experiments are often the best way to detect competition, but they have their limitations. 25.2 Predators and their prey coevolve. Predation and Prey Populations. Predators can limit the size of populations and sometimes even eliminate a species from a community. Plant Defenses against Herbivores. Plants use chemicals to defend themselves against animals trying to eat them. FIGURE 25.1 Animal Defenses against Predators. Animals defend Communities involve interactions between disparate groups. themselves with camouflage, chemicals, and stings. This clownfish is one of the few species that can nestle safely Mimicry. Sometimes a species copies the appearance of among the stinging tentacles of the sea anemone—a classic another protected one. example of a symbiotic relationship. 25.3 Evolution sometimes fosters cooperation. Coevolution and Symbiosis. Organisms have evolved the organisms that live together in a place are ca ed many adjustments and accommodations to living together. Aa community. The myriad species that inhabit a tropi- Commensalism. Som