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美国文学备课参考资料
研究型美国文学备课参考资料
第一部分:Puritanism
思考题:
清教主义与美国文化和文学的形成
清教主义与美国早期资本主义
清教主义与美国人的审美观
清教主义与美国人的服饰
The term Puritan first began as a taunt or insult applied by traditional Anglicans to those who criticized or wished to purify the Church of England. Although the word is often applied loosely, Puritan refers to two distinct groups: separating Puritans, such as the Plymouth colonists, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and non-separating Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in reform but not separation. Most Massachusetts colonists were nonseparating Puritans who wished to reform the established church, largely Congregationalists who believed in forming churches through voluntary compacts.? The idea of compacts or covenants was central to the Puritans conception of social, political, and religious organizations.
Several beliefs differentiated Puritans from other Christians. The first was their belief in predestination. Puritans believed that belief in Jesus and participation in the sacraments could not alone effect one’s salvation; one cannot choose salvation, for that is the privilege of God alone. All features of salvation are determined by God’s sovereignty, including choosing those who will be saved and those who will receive God’s irresistible grace. The Puritans distinguished between justification, or the gift of Gods grace given to the elect, and sanctification, the holy behavior that supposedly resulted when an individual had been saved; according to The English Literatures of America, Sanctification is evidence of salvation, but does not cause it (434). When William Laud, an avowed Arminian, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, the Church of England began to embrace beliefs abhorrent to Puritans: a focus on the individual’s acceptance or rejection of grace; a toleration of diverse religious beliefs; and an acceptance of high church rituals
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