第一章 核科学起源2009310.pptVIP

kklloopp309@ Radiochemistry放射化学 Chapter1 Origin of Nuclear Science第一章 核科学起源 杨金玲 Becquerel 的发现 Roentgen（伦琴）发现了令人费解的?射线，这种射线在玻璃壁和其它一些材料中会产生荧光（当时称为磷光）； 1880年Becquerel，受他祖父和父亲的影响，对磷光现象感兴趣，制备出硫酸铀酰钾（K2UO2(SO4)2.2H2O）； 1896年， Becquerel 提供了第一批实验结果：硫酸铀酰复盐晶体受强烈阳光照射后，放出一种穿透能力很强的辐射； （1）在强光、弱光、无光的条件下，铀盐都具有感光现象； （2）其它铀盐、亚铀盐、铀盐溶液、金属铀都能产生这种辐射，且与铀含量成正比； After hard working, the Curies discovered polonium钋(1898,7) 1898,9 the Curies, together with G. Bemont, isolated another radioactive substance for which they suggested the name radium镭. In order to prove that polonium and radium were in fact two new elements, large amounts of pitchblende were processed, and in 1902 M. Curie announced that she had been able to isolate about 0.1 g of pure radium chloride from more than one ton of pitchblende waste. The determination of the atomic weight of radium and the measurement of its emission spectrum provided the final proof that a new element had been isolated. Curie夫妇 的成就 发现钍发出与铀具有相似的射线； 天然铀矿石的放射性比纯铀、人工合成铀矿石的强； 在天然铀矿石的分离过程，发现了钋和镭元素，并经光谱法证实；测定了镭的分子量226.5； 建立了首个镭和钡分离的化学分离方法； 测定了浓缩铀式样的热效应，发出100cal/g.h。 Similar results were obtained by E. Rutherford and F. Soddy when investigating the radioactivity of thorium. Later Rutherford and F. E. Dorn found that radioactive gases (emanation射气) could be separated from salts of uranium and thorium. After separation of the gas from the salt, the radioactivity of the gas decreased with time, while new radioactivity grew in the salt in a manner similar to that shown in Fig. 1.1. The rate of increase with time of the radioactivity in the salt was found to be completely independent of chemical processes, temperature, etc. Rutherford and Soddy concluded from these observations that radioactivity was due to changes within the atoms themselves. They proposed that, when radioactive decay occurred, the atoms of the original elements (e.g. of U or of Th) were transformed