南京工业大学-生物分离工程 chapter4 细胞破碎.ppt

The mechanical methods described in Section 4.3 are dominated by homogenization and by ball mill grinding. In both cases, cells are broken by high mechanical shear. Heat generation is a problem and scale-up is obscure: If we find that a method works at a laboratory scale, we often have little idea how it will work at a large scale. As a result, this part of the chapter is more a guide to planning experiments than a synopsis of engineering analysis. 4.3节机械法主要有匀浆法和研磨法。这两种方法中，细胞通过高的机械剪切力被破坏。热量的产生是该法的一个缺点，而且不容易规模放大:如果一种方法可以在实验室规模下操作，我们并不知道这种方法是否在大规模生产中可行。所以，这部分内容仅作为实验的指导，而不是工程分析。 Such cells have no nuclei: Their genetic factors are carried in a single strand of DNA. The best example of this type of cell is Escherichia coli, the host organism for many efforts in biotechnology. This is the cell which produces most recombinant products developed to date. 此细胞结构没有细胞核：基因在单链DNA上。典型的是大肠杆菌，是生物技术研究的主体。通过这种细胞生产了很多细胞重组的产物。 The basic cell envelope for Gram-negative cells, shown in Figure 4.1-1a, has three layers. The outer layer, about 8 nm thick, consists of a polymer containing both protein and lipopolysaccharide. The second thinner layer is peptidoglycan. Below this second layer is a gap , called the periplamic space, which is also 8nm thick. Enzymes are often located in this gap. Gram-positive procaroytes, shown in Figure 4.1-1 are missing the first outer layer, but have both the second peptidog1ycan layer and the periplasmic space. 革兰氏阴性细胞结构如图4.1-1 所示。有三层：最外层约8mm厚，酶大多数镶嵌在这层膜上。革兰氏阳性原核生物缺少最外层结构，但有第二层肽聚糖层和胞浆空间。 The third membrane layer, called the plasma membrane or the inner membrane, is common to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. It consists largely of phospholipids, but also contains dispersed proteins and metal ions. 第三层为浆膜层或内膜层，革兰氏阴性菌和革兰氏阳性都有这一结构，该层主要由磷脂组成，还有分散的蛋白质分子和金属离子。 These lipid molecules have two parts, a hydrophobic part and the hydrophilic part The hydrophobic part or “tail” often contains two alkyl groups; and the hydrophilic part or “head” often i