dyspnea呼吸困难.ppt

Chapter 16 Outline Respiratory Structures Physical Aspects of Ventilation Mechanics of Breathing Pulmonary Disorders Factors Affecting Ventilation Control of Ventilation Hemoglobin CO2 Transport Acid-Base Balance Exercise Altitude Effects Respiration Encompasses 3 related functions: ventilation, gas exchange, 02 utilization (cellular respiration) Ventilation moves air in out of lungs for gas exchange with blood (external respiration) Gas exchange between blood tissues, O2 use by tissues is internal respiration Gas exchange is passive via diffusion Respiratory Structures Structure of Respiratory System Air passes from mouth to trachea to right left bronchi to bronchioles to terminal bronchioles to respiratory bronchioles to alveoli Structure of Respiratory System continued Gas exchange occurs only in respiratory bronchioles alveoli (= respiratory zone) All other structures constitute the conducting zone Are polyhedral in shape clustered at ends of respiratory bronchioles, like units of honeycomb Structure of Respiratory System continued Gas exchange occurs across the 300 million alveoli (60-80 m2 total surface area) Only 2 thin cells are between lung air blood: 1 alveolar 1 endothelial cell Alveoli Are polyhedral in shape clustered at ends of respiratory bronchioles, like units of honeycomb Air in 1 cluster can pass to others through pores Conducting Zone Warms humidifies inspired air Mucus lining filters cleans inspired air Mucus moved by cilia to be expectorated Thoracic Cavity Is created by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped sheet of skeletal muscle Contains heart, large blood vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lungs Below diaphragm is abdominopelvic cavity Contains liver, pancreas, GI tract, spleen, genitourinary tract Intrapleural space is thin fluid layer between visceral pleura covering lungs parietal pleura lining thoracic cavity walls Physical Aspects of Ventilation Physical Aspects of Ventilation Ventilation results from pressure di