Biomechanics of skull fracture英文电子书.pdf

JOURNAL OF NEUROTRAUMA Volume 12, Number 4, 1995 Mary Ann Lieben, Inc Biomechanics of Skull Fracture NARAYAN YOGANANDAN,1 FRANK A PINTAR,1 ANTHONY SANCES, JR.,1 PATRICK R WALSH,1 CHANNING L EWING,2 DANIEL J THOMAS,3 and RICHARD G SNYDER4 ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the biomechanics of the human head under quasistatic and dynamic loads Twelve unembalmed intact human cadaver heads were tested to failure using an electrohydraulic testing device Quasistatic loading was done at a rate of 2.5 mm/s Impact loading tests were conducted at a rate of 7.1 to 8.0 m/s Vertex, parietal, temporal, frontal, and occipital re- gions were selected as the loading sites Pathological alterations were determined by pretest and posttest radiography, close-up computed tomography (CT) images, macroscopic evaluation, and de- fleshing techniques Biomechanical force-deflection response, stiffness, and energy-absorbing char- acteristics were obtained Results indicated the skull to have nonlinear structural response The fail- ure loads, deflections, stiffness, and energies ranged from 4.5 to 14.1 kN, 3.4 to 16.6 mm, 467 to 5867 N/mm, and 14.1 to 68.5 J, respectively The overall mean values of these parameters for quasista- tic and dynamic loads were 6.4 kN (±1.1), 12.0 mm (±1.6), 812 N/mm (±139), 33.5 J (±8.5), and 11.9 kN (±0.9), 5.8 mm (±1.0), 4023 N/mm (±541), 28.0 J (±5.1), respectively It should be em- phasized that these values do not account for the individual variations in the anatomical locations on the cranium of the specimens While the X-rays and CT scans identified the fracture, the pre- cise direction and location of the