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Swift, A., Moroz, E. “Wind Turbines” The Engineering Handbook. Ed. Richard C. Dorf Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000 © 1998 by CRC PRESS LLC 70 Wind Turbines 70.1 Fundamentals Resource Base Types of Wind Turbines Basic Equations 70.2 Power Regulation and Control 70.3 Energy Capture Estimation 70.4 Stand-Alone Applications 70.5 Cost of Energy Calculations 70.6 Environmental and Social Cost Issues 70.7 Summary Andrew Swift University of Texas at El Paso Emil Moroz University of Texas at El Paso A wind turbine is a mechanical device that converts the kinetic energy from the wind into useful shaft power. The first documented evidence of wind turbine utilization comes from 10th century Persia, where wind power was used for grinding corn and pumping water. The Persian design used a vertical axis, carousel-type turbine, which was quickly adapted to use in China, India, and portions of the Muslim world. Since most of the early wind turbine designs were used to grind grain, the term windmill, instead of wind turbine, is often used. Following the Persian development, the European post mill was introduced. This configurationnamed after the main post that was used to secure the mill to the ground and around which the mill turned to maintain alignment with the winddominated wind turbine development for several centuries. From the 12th to the 19th century the post mill was second only to the hydraulic turbine, or water wheel, in providing useful energy, and it profoundly affected European development and society during this time [Righter, 1994]. In the mid-19th century, water-pumping windmills were the key to expansion of railroads and settlemen