Decision-Making Processes：决策过程.ppt

Decision-Making Processes Decision-Making Processes Glossary Case Study Improving Creativity Reflective Thinking Process The Kepner-Tregoe Approach The Fishbone Technique Decision-Making Processes (continued) Brainstorming Six Thinking Hats Incrementation Mixed Scanning Tacit Bargaining The Systems Approach Glossary Brainstorming—a technique used to generate ideas. It emphasizes brain activity. It can be applied as part of the problem-solving process. Convergent Thinking—a form of thinking in which ideas come together to form a solution. Divergent Thinking—a form of thinking in which many different aspects of an idea are explored. Brainstorming is one technique of divergent thinking. Fishbone Technique—a method of examining cause and effect using a fishbone diagram. Glossary Incrementalism—the process of making decisions that result in change by increments. Kepner-Tregoe Approach—a variation of the reflective thinking sequence. Its most important contribution is the way in which a group works through the criteria phase, differentiating between the musts and the wants of a solution. Mixed Scanning—a decision-making strategy that combines examining a problem comprehensively (the rational approach) and part by part (the incremental approach). Glossary Reflective Thinking Process—a pattern for small group problem solving that includes six components: 1. What is the problem? 2. What are its causes and limits? 3. What are the criteria for an acceptable solution? 4. What are the available solutions? 5. What is the best solution? 6. How can it be implemented? Tacit Bargaining—bargaining in which communication is incomplete or impossible. Case Study General Motors 1. What do you think are the main problems at GM? 2. What would you do if you were CEO of GM? 3. How does this case relate to your organization? Improving Creativity Creativity can be divided into two phases of thinking. Divergent thinking Convergent thinking Improving Creativity Gibson and Hodgetts (1986) identify