外文翻译---GPS全球卫星定位系统.docxVIP

英文文献The Global Positioning SystemThe global Positioning System (GPS) is revolutionizing surveying technology, Like its predecessor , the TEANSIT Doppler system, GPS shifts the scene of surveying operations from ground-to-ground measurements to ground-to-sky , with obvious implications : intervisibility of marks is no longer a criteion for their location ; operations are possible in nearly all kinds of weather and be performed during day or night ; and the skills required to utilise the technology are different both in field operations and data processing . But GPS is not merely a replacement for TRANSIT . The simultaneous visibility of multiple satellites allows effective cancellation of the major sources of error in satellite observations , with the result that with GPS, relative positioning accuracies of one part per million(ppm) or better over distances from one kilometer to thousands of kilometers are possible . This means that GPS can compete with terrestrial techniques over short distances, and can achieve more accurate results in less time than TRANSIT observations over longer distances . GPS was designed primarily as a navigation system, to satisfy both military and civilian needs for real-time positioning. This positioning is accomplished through the use of coded information, essentially clever timing signals, transmitted by the satellites. Each GPS satellite transmits a unique signal on two L-band frequencies: A at 1575.42 MHz and B at 1227.60 MHz(equivalent to wavelengths of approximately 19 and 24 cm, respectively).The satellite signals consist of the L-band carrier waves modulated with a Standard or?S code (formerly called the C/A code),a Precise or P code and a Navigation Message containing, amongst other things ,the coordinates of the satellites as functions of time---the Broadcast Ephemerides. The S code which is intended mainly for civilian use , yields a range measurement precision of about 10 meter, The navigation service provided by this code is