外文翻译--挑战的国际合作,以扩大航空和航运.docVIP

济南大学毕业论文外文资料翻译 外文原文： 22.7 Challenges of extending international co-operation to aviation and shipping Extending the coverage of carbon pricing and other measures to international aviation will become increasingly important. Globally, international aviation emissions – defined as emissions from any aircraft leaving one country and landing in another – are about twice as great as domestic aviation emissions. As set out in Chapter 15, the impact of aviation on climate change is also higher than the impact of its CO2 emissions alone. Aviation has negative local impacts on noise, local air quality, biodiversity, and local climate impacts, for which local policy interventions (such as regulation on noise levels) can be used. However, there is currently no incentive to reduce international aviation emissions, as only emissions from domestic flights are currently allocated to any country within national emissions inventories. Furthermore, many large international markets are outside the current Kyoto obligations framework. However, the industry is growing fast, and people with lower incomes, especially in developed countries, are now able to travel globally due to low-cost flights. Many national policy measures such as landing charges tend to be blunt instruments for cutting carbon emissions. However, differentiating them, for example, by length of flight or distance travelled, could improve their effects on reducing emissions. International coordination on reducing emissions from aviation is important, for example, to avoid leakage of mitigation policies from travellers switching to different carriers, or air carriers changing their routes, or practices such as ‘tankering’ (i.e. carrying excess fuel on planes to avoid refueling at airports where fuel taxes are levied). The UNFCCC has requested the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to take action on aviation emissions, recognising that a global approach is essential. ICAO has established a Committee on Aviat