1-免疫学-HKD-2.ppt

Chapter 1 Overview of the immune system;Chapter 1 Overview of the immune system;Immunity is the state of having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. ;Innate immunity, or nonspecific immunity is the natural resistances with which a person is born. ;The less specific component, innate immunity, provides the first line of defense against infection.;Innate immunity can be seen to comprise four types of defensive barriers: anatomic(组织的), physiologic(生理的), phagocytic (具有吞噬作用的), and inflammatory(与炎症相关的).;The epidermis contains several layers of tightly packed epithelial cells. The outer epidermal layer consists of dead cells and is filled with a waterproofing protein called keratin. ;Breaks in the skin resulting from scratches, wounds, or abrasion are obvious routes of infection. The skin may also be penetrated by biting insects (e.g., mosquitoes, mites, ticks, fleas, and sandflies);;Although many pathogens enter the body by binding to and penetrating mucous membranes, a number of nonspecific defense mechanisms tend to prevent this entry. For example, saliva, tears, and mucous secretions act to wash away potential invaders and also contain antibacterial or antiviral substances. ;Some organisms have evolved ways of escaping these defense mechanisms and thus are able to invade the body through mucous membranes.;The physiologic barriers that contribute to innate immunity include temperature, pH, and various soluble and cell-associated molecules.;;Molecules with pattern recognition ability may be soluble, like lysozyme and the complement components, or they may be cell-associated receptors. ;Among the class of receptors designated the toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR2 recognizes the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) found on Gram-negative bacteria.; Cells That Ingest and Destroy Pathogens Make Up a Phagocytic Barrier to Infection; Cells That Ingest and Destroy Pathogens Make Up a Phagocytic Barrier to Infection; Inflamm