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columbia大学有机化学课件.ppt

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columbia大学有机化学课件

1.7Structural Formulas of Organic Molecules Constitution The order in which the atoms of a molecule are connected is called its constitution or connectivity. The constitution of a molecule must be determined in order to write a Lewis structure. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 1: The molecular formula and the connectivity are determined by experiment. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 1: The molecular formula and the connectivity are determined by experiment. Example:Methyl nitrite has the molecular formula CH3NO2. All hydrogens are bonded to carbon, and the order of atomic connections is CONO. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 2: Count the number of valence electrons. For a neutral molecule this is equal to the number of valence electrons of the constituent atoms. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 2: Count the number of valence electrons. For a neutral molecule this is equal to the number of valence electrons of the constituent atoms. Example (CH3NO2):Each hydrogen contributes 1 valence electron. Each carbon contributes 4, nitrogen 5, and each oxygen 6 for a total of 24. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 3: Connect the atoms by a covalent bond represented by a dash. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 3: Connect the atoms by a covalent bond represented by a dash. Example:Methyl nitrite has the partial structure: Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 4: Subtract the number of electrons in bonds from the total number of valence electrons. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 4: Subtract the number of electrons in bonds from the total number of valence electrons. Example:24 valence electrons – 12 electrons in bonds. Therefore, 12 more electrons to assign. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewis Structures Step 5: Add electrons in pairs so that as many atoms as possible have 8 electrons. Start with the most electronegative atom. Table 1.4 How to Write Lewi