TCPIP10 - ICMP协议.pptVIP

网络工程系 yn@uestc.edu.cn 电子科大通信学院 * 没有设置默认网关的主机启动时，默认会将一个ICMP路由器请求报文发送到所有路由器的IP广播地址224.0.0.2上，目的在于定位本地路由器，这就是ICMP路由器询问（或 路由器发现）。 收到请求报文的路由器将使用ICMP路由器通告（或 路由器应答）报文回应给源主机。 十六 网络工程系 yn@uestc.edu.cn 电子科大通信学院 * Chapter 10 ICMP Types of messages Message format Error reporting Query Checksum ICMP package * Overview IP Lack of error control Lack of assistance mechanism ICMP A companion to the IP Provide error reporting for IP Provide assistance mechanism for other layers（TCP/UDP and application） * Error Reporting Error Correction IP传输过程中出现差错是不可避免的 IP分组传输出现差错时，会产生相应的ICMP报文 通过ICMP报文提供差错报告 ICMP差错报告只能送给IP分组的源站，协议只提供了差错处理建议 出错点可能不是当前的路由器 反向传输路径可能与原路径不同 源站可能无法确定差错源， 需要与网络管理员一起协作处理 * Internet Control Message Protocol RFC792: Internet Control Message Protocol, 1981 RFC1256: ICMP Router Discovery Messages, 1991 IP LANs MANs WANs ICMP IGMP ARP RARP Network Layer Network Access Layer Transport Layer Application Layer * Message delivery and Encapsulation ICMP在IP之上实现，逻辑上与IP同在网络层 Connectionless communication 直接送达目的站点，沿途的转发路由器不能获知ICMP报文内容 Encapsulation ICMP message IP header IP data Frame data Trailer (if any) Frame header ICMP message IP header IP data Protocol = 1 * 10.1 Types of Messages ICMP messages Error-reporting 差错报告 Query 测试查询 To report problems that a router or a destination host may encounter when it processes an IP packet To help a host or a network manager get specific information from a router or another host * Types Category Type Message Reason Error-reporting messages 3 Destination unreachable Unreachable 4 Source quench Congestion 11 Time exceeded Too long route 12 Parameter problem Format error 5 Redirection Route changed Query messages 8 or 0 Echo request or reply Reachability 13 or 14 Timestamp request or reply Synchronization 17 or 18 Address mask request or reply Mask maintenance 10 or 9 Router solicitation or advertisement Coincidence between routers 过时： 15 Information request 16 Information response *