生物化学I精品教学（吉林大学）Biochemistry-chapter 1（英文1）.pptVIP

Yongge Wu （吴永革） School of Life Science National Engineering Laboratory for Aids Vaccine Jilin University 诱导性多功能干细胞（Induced pluripotent stem cells；iPS） 是通过基因转染技术将某些转录因子导入动物或人的体细胞，使体细胞直接重构成为胚胎干细胞（embryonic stemcell,ESC）细胞样的多潜能细胞。  2006年日本京都大学山中伸弥（Shinya Yamanaka）领导的实验室在世界著名学术杂志细胞上率先报道了iPS的研究。 山中伸弥因为这项研究与约翰·格登共同获2012年诺贝尔生理和医学奖 iPS细胞制作法 step1:从身体取得细胞并加以培养 step2:利用病毒载体，或是其他方式把特殊基因或是其产物（蛋白质）“导入”细胞。红色的是已被“导入”的细胞。 step 3:当细胞群落形成，并利用ES细胞之培养法进行培养 step 4:培养后便会形成类似ES细胞之iPS细胞群。 Conclusion: A substance from a dead toxic bacterium can transform into another living nontoxic bacterium. The process was called “Transformation”.The transformed substance was named “tranforming factor”. Avery’s experiment: Conclusion: The evidence presented supports the belief that a nucleic acid of the desoxyribose type is the fundamental unit of the transforming principle of Pneumococcus Type III. (OSWALD T. AVERY, M.D., COLIN M. MAcLEOD, M.D., AND MACLYN McCARTY,* M.D. Studies On The Chemical Nature Of The Substance Inducing Transformation Of Pneumococcal Types Induction Of Transformation By A Desoxyribonucleic Acid Fraction Isolated From Pneumococcus Type III . The Journal of Experimental Medicine. February 1, 1944,Vol. 79, No. 2, pp. 137-158) In 1946,G.Beadle (American biologist) and E.Tatum proved that a gene controls the synthesis of a enzyme.And they theorized “One gene one enzyme hypothesis”. Period 3 Rapid Development Phase——From 1950s to present. The composition, sequence, structure and function of biological macromolecular such as protein, enzyme and nucleic acid were researched profoundly. Chemical synthesis technology was been greatly developed. Genetic engineering was established. In 1950, Pauling put forward α-Helix of protein secondary structure. In 1953, J.Watson F.Crick established “DNA Double Helix Model”. It is the milestone of modern Molecular Biology. In 1958, F.Crick put forward “central dogma”. In 1966, Nirenberg Khorana decoded genetic code. R