神经变性与遗传疾病.pptVIP

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  • 2018-01-15 发布于江西
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神经变性与遗传疾病

Motor neuron disease Alzheimer Disease Hereditary ataxia Hereditary spastic paraplegia Neurologic degenerative disorders 运动神经元病 (motor neuron disease, MND) Case 1 55岁男性,因“进行性右下肢无力2年,右上肢和左侧肢体无力1年,吞咽困难半年”入院。1年前患者开始出现右下肢乏力,逐渐出现行走费力,由于经济困难未进行就医。1年前开始出现右手无力并伴左侧肢体无力,自觉全身肌肉有跳动感,无麻木、疼痛,无晨轻暮重现象,在当地医院按“颈椎病”治疗无效。近半年逐渐出现言语不清晰,流涎,饮水呛咳,吞咽困难。 既往史:体健、否认家族史和毒物接触史。 Case 1 入院查体:神清,高级精神活动正常。鼻音,悬雍垂居中,咽感觉存在,咽反射亢进,舌肌萎缩和舌肌震颤,余颅神经(-)。四肢肌张力正常,四肢远端和近端肌肉均有萎缩,四肢腱反射亢进,髌阵挛(+),踝阵挛(+),Hoffman征(+),Babinski征(+),可见肌肉有肌束震颤,无感觉障碍,膀胱和直肠功能正常。 Case 1 入院后查: 颈椎MRI示轻度的椎间盘突出。 头颅MRI正常。 肌电图示上肢小指展肌、下肢胫骨前肌、胸锁乳突肌、脊旁肌可见大量的纤颤电位和正锐波,神经传导速度正常。 肿瘤标志物、血糖、肌酶、免疫全套、胸片和B超正常。 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal syndrome characterized by onset of symptoms and signs of degeneration of primarily upper (UMN) and lower (LMN) motor neurons, leading to progressive weakness of bulbar, limb, thoracic and abdominal muscles. Other brain functions, including oculomotor and sphincter functions, are relatively spared, although these may be involved in some cases. ALS临床表现 ①多从一侧肢体开始,再发展为双侧 ②首发症状常为手指运动笨拙而不灵活,无力;继而 大小鱼际肌、骨间肌、蚓状肌萎缩,双手呈鹰爪形 ③逐步向心扩展 ④双下肢出现无力、僵直,但萎缩少见 ⑤早期出现腱反射亢进、病理反射阳性、痉挛步态 ⑥后期或晚期可出现延髓麻痹,舌肌萎缩伴肌束颤动,构音障碍,吞咽困难,饮水呛咳,咀嚼无力,面部无表情等 ⑦眼球运动一般不受影响 Diagnostic Signs Lower Motor Signs Muscle Weakness Fasciculations Dyspnea Atrophy Slurred Speech Muscle Cramps Fatigue Swallowing Difficulty Upper Motor Signs Weakness Babinski’s Sign Pseudobulbar palsy Spasticity Dysarthria Swallowing difficulty Hyperactive reflexes Pathologic laughing and crying Fatigue El Escorial Revised Diagnostic Requirements Investigation Nerve conduction studies (EMG) Rule out demyelination Rule out neuromuscular junction disorders Show denervation Image brain and spine Show normal anatomy Rule out tumor Routine clinical tests Conditions that may be confused with ALS Myasthenia gravis Cervical myelopathy Multifocal motor neuropathy Hexosaminidase A deficiency Hypoparathyroidism Inclusion body myositis Bulbospina

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