地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文中英文翻译文献.doc

中英文对照外文翻译 Deep Excavations ABSTRACT ：All major topics in the design of in-situ retaining systems for deep excavations in urban areas are outlined. Type of wall, water related problems and water pressures, lateral earth pressures, type of support, solution to earth retaining walls, types of failure, internal and external stability problems. KEYWORDS: deep excavation; retaining wall; earth pressure; INTRODUCTION Numbers of deep excavation pits in city centers are increasing every year. Buildings, streets surrounding excavation locations and design of very deep basements make excavations formidable projects. This chapter has been organized in such a way that subjects related to deep excavation projects are summarized in several sections in the order of design routine. These are types of in-situ walls, water pressures and water related problems. Earth pressures in cohesionless and cohesive soils are presented in two different categories. Ground anchors, struts and nails as supporting elements are explained. Anchors are given more emphasis compared to others due to widespread use observed in the recent years. Stability of retaining systems are discussed as internal and external stability. Solution of walls for shears, moments, displacements and support reactions under earth and water pressures are obtained making use of different methods of analysis. A pile wall supported by anchors is solved by three methods and the results are compared. Type of wall failures, observed wall movements and instrumentation of deep excavation projects are summarized. 1. TYPES OF EARTH RETAINING WALLS 1.1 Introduction More than several types of in-situ walls are used to support excavations. The criteria for the selection of type of wall are size of excavation, ground conditions, groundwater level, vertical and horizontal displacements of adjacent ground and limitations of various structures, availability of construction, cost, speed of work and others. One of the main decisions is the w