医用基础化学英文版.pptVIP

SOLUTION To prepare the buffer with the volume as more as possible, 2 liter of 0.500mol·L-1 NH3·H2O must be utilized completely, while only a part of the HCl can be used. Let the volume of HCl used be x L, so, the total volume of the buffer prepared is (2.00+x )L. After the neutralization, Preparing a buffer-2 Sample Problem 4- 4 NH3 (aq) + HCl (aq) ? NH4+ (aq) + Cl-(l) Initial(mol) 1.0 0.5V 0 change(mol) -0.5V -0.5V +0.5V Equil-(mol) 1.0- 0.5V 0 0.5V V = 1.3L , so the biggest volume of buffer is 3.3L. Preparing a buffer-2 Sample Problem 4- 4 4.5 Buffering Action in Human Blood The pH of the blood in a healthy individual remains remarkably constant at 7.35 to 7.45. This is because the blood contains a number of buffers that protect against pH change due to the presence of acidic or basic metabolites. From a physiological viewpoint, a change of ±0.3 pH unit is extreme. Acid metabolites are ordinarily produced in greater quantities than basic metabolites, and carbon dioxide is the principal one. 昆明癫痫病医院/ 昆明癫痫病/ 黑龙江中亚癫痫病医院/ysj/hljdxb 黑龙江中亚癫痫病医院 The buffer capacity of blood for handling CO2 is estimated to be distributed among various buffer systems as follows: hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, 62%; H2PO4-/HPO42-, 22%; plasma protein, 11%; bicarbonate, 5%. Proteins contain carboxylic(羧基) and amino groups, which are weak acids and bases, respectively. They are, therefore, effective buffer agents. The combined buffer capacity of blood to neutralize acids is designated by clinicians as the alkali reserve, and this is frequently determined in the clinical laboratory. Certain diseases cause disturbances in the acid balance of the body. For example, diabetes may give rise to: acidosis, which can be fatal. An important diagnostic analysis is the CO2/HCO3- balance in blood. This ratio is related to the pH of the blood by the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: where H2CO3 can