IMRAD论文写作规范.pptxVIP

IMRADA common format used for academic (scientific) research papers. While used primarily in the hard sciences, like physics and biology, it is also widely used in the social and behavioral sciences. PARTS OF AN IMRAD PAPERINTRODUCTIONMETHODRESULTSANDDISCUSSIONBRADFORD HILL’S QUESTIONSIntroduction Why did you start?MethodWhat did you do?ResultsWhat did you find?AndDiscussion What does it mean?INTRODUCTIONRationale for the studySupply sufficient rationale for the study to understand and evaluate the results without referring to previous publications on the subjectClear purpose or hypothesis statementINTRODUCTIONReview pertinent literature to orient the readerDefine shortcomings in the current state of knowledgeProvide rationale for the current study - What gap are you trying to fill?State the aim of the studyINTRODUCTIONBe brief, clear and to the pointWritten mostly in the present tenseMay state the study group, study design and methods used - How is this different from other previous studies?State the principal result or conclusionINTRODUCTIONCOMMON PROBLEMSHistorical detailsToo longToo general or vagueImitativeContains “discussion material”INTRODUCTIONEXAMPLE“For investigations done in the emergency laboratory costs are higher and quality more difficult to ensure. These investigations are also frequently misused. We therefore decided to study which investigations really contributed to clinical decision making in acute care medicine.”METHODWhat did you do?Who, What, Where, When, Why?Study designStudy material - What did you work with?Intervention - What was done to the material?How was the outcome assessed?Analysis and statisticsMETHODSTUDY DESIGNCase controlCo-hort or cross-sectionalProspective - retrospectiveControlled - uncontrolledRandomized - non-randomizedOpen-blind (single/double)METHODWhat did you work with?Animals, humans, in vitro preparationsVolunteers / patientsControlsHow selected: inclusion / exclusion criteriaPopulation-based hospital basedGender