中科院细胞与分子免疫学课程chapter10PPT.ppt

B细胞激活所需第二信号：;发生在mRNA水平上的编辑：抗体膜型向分泌型转化 发生在DNA水平上的重组：发生重链的转换，受不同细胞因子的刺激产生不同的抗体，IL-4：IgE； IFN-g：IgG 晚期事件： 亲和力发生改变 产生记忆性细胞 不依赖T细胞抗原产生抗体 ;Chapter 10 Immunologic Tolerance;What is immunologic tolerance? ;1. 1945, Owen reported one immunologically tolerance phemomenon:;Self –tolerance can be divided into two types:;;T lymphocyte Tolerance;Two main factors that determine whether a particular self antigen will initiate the central tolerance of T cells: The concentration of that antigen in the thymus The affinity of the thymocyte TCR In additional: AIRE gene: autoimmune regulator gene, is to stimulate expression of some peripheral antigens in thymic epithelial cells. For example: APS, autoimmune polyendocrine syndrom. Not known: What signal triggers the cell to die in response to high affinity of the antigen? ;Peripheral T cell Tolerance Three mechanisms in inducing the peripheral T cell tolerance 1. Without adequate costimulators or with inhibitory signals;1) Role of B7 costimulators in T cell activation and anergy;2) Administrate foreign antigens in different ways that result in immunogenic or tolerogenic.;;Use the inhibitory receptor for B7 molecules, CTLA-4 Knockout mice lacking CTLA-4 develop uncontrolled lymphocyte activation with massively enlarged lymph nodes and spleen and multiorgan lymphocytic infiltrates. Blocking CTLA-4 with antibodies also enhances autoimmune disease in animal models. T cells lacking CTLA-4 are resistant to the induction of anergy. ;Hypothesis:;2 Deletion of T Cells by Apoptotic Cell Death;;;3. Tolerance Induced by Regulatory T Lymphocytes;3.1 Mechanisms of action of regulatory T cells;Factor;B lymphocyte Tolerance;Peripheral B Cell Tolerance;Feature;Tolerance Induced by Foreign Protein Antigens;Homeostatsis in the Immune System;Lymphocytes survival induced by antigen, costimulators, and cytokines. The effector cells that develop after antigen stimulation also have short half-lives and are usually not self-renewing. Trigger active regu