Chapter 2 （07 9） 浙江大学有机化学教学课件 大学二年级上学期.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Alkanes 2. Halogenation 1). Chloronation of methane 八十多年前, 有人将甲烷和氯气混合气用光照来引发反应, 得到混合物，甚至还有乙烷的氯化物： 为什么会生成乙烷的氯化物? 这就要去研究反应是怎么进行的, 即原料是怎样一步一步变成产物的, 这就是所谓反应机理. 2). Mechanism of Halogenations 反应机理是说明原料是经过怎么样的步聚、什么中间体而变为产物的，是综合实验事实所作出的理论假设。 * 只含碳氢两种元素可以称为烃，其中分子中都是单键的称为烷烃。也叫饱和烃。通式为CnH2n+2; 烷烃的主要来源是石油。石油是烷烃和芳烃的混合物。也含有少量含有氧硫氮元素的化合物。 The first step in refining petroleum is distillation, the object here is to separate the petroleum into fractions based on the volatility of its components. Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. More than 500 different compounds are contained in the petroleum distillates boiling below 200 C, and many have almost the same boiling points. Cracking (辛烷值octane rating) Alkanes with unbranched chains have a very low “octane rating.” The highly branched compound 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (called “isooctane) burns very smoothly (without knocking) in internal combustion engines and is used as one of the standards by which the octane rating of gasolines is established. According to this scale 2,2,4-trimethylpentane has an octane rating of 100. Heptane, CH3(CH2)5CH3, a compound that produces much knocking when it is burned in an internal combustion engine, is given an octane rating of 0. Mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and heptane are used as standards for octane rating between 0 and 100. 一、 Nomenclature 命名 现在使用的正式的命名系统是由国际纯粹和应用化学联合会 (the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC))所制定的. 这套系统最早是在1892年制定的。以后经不定期的修改。其基本原则是：每一个化合物有一个唯一的名称(Each different compound should have a unique name)。 1. Nomenclature of Unbranched Alkanes and Alkyl Groups直链烷烃及其基的命名 The names for several of unbranched alkanes are as follows. (To) If we remove one hydrogen atom from an alkane, we obtain what is called an alkyl group. These alkyl groups have names that end in –yl. When the alkane is unbranched and the hydrogen atom that is removed is a terminal