Lecture 18 The Ocean Nitrogen Cycle 华盛顿大学-海洋化学课件.pptVIP

* Lecture 18 The Ocean Nitrogen Cycle Denitrification Reactions Distributions Nitrogen Fixation Reactions Distributions Why is this important for chemical oceanography? What controls ocean C, N, P? g ≈ 1.0 Mass Balance for whole ocean: ?C/ ?t = VRCR – f B CS = 0; CD = CD VU = VD = VMIX Negative Feedback Control: if VMIX ↑ VUCD ↑ B ↑ f B ↑ (assumes f will be constant!) assume VRCR ? then CD ↓ (because total ocean balance VUCD ↓ has changed; sink source) B ↓ CS CD if VMIX = m y-1 and C = mol m-3 flux = mol m-2 y-1 The nutrient concentration of the deep ocean will adjust so that the fraction of B preserved in the sediments equals river input! Nitrogen species: NO3- ; NO2- ; N2O; N2 ; NH4+ (V) (III) (I) (0) (-III) Nitrogen Isotopes: 14N 99.634% 15N 0.366% Isotopic Composition: ‰ The standard is atmospheric N2 Fractionation factors , where e is the isotopic enrichment factor Fractionation Heavier stable isotope forms stronger bond. Microbial Enzymes break light isotope bonds more easily. Reactants become heavier (enriched) (e.g. NO3- → N2) Products become lighter (depleted) Partial versus total reaction (products have same values as reactants) The Global Nitrogen Budget-one example (Brandes et al, 2002) Main Ocean Source of N Nitrogen Fixation Enzyme catalyzed reduction of N2 N2 + 8H+ + 8e- + 16 ATP → 2NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16Pi Mediated by a two protein (Fe and Fe-Mo) complex called nitrogenase Inactivated when exposed to O2 Main Ocean Sink of N Fixed Nitrogen (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+) is converted to N2 in low oxygen zones of the ocean Two Pathways Denitrification ( 2 to 10 mM O2): 2 NO3- + organic matter → N2 Anammox (2 mM O2) NH4+ + NO2- → N2 + H2O Schematic of Ocean Nitrogen Cycle Gruber (2005) Nature 436, 786 % of Export Production (as N) at HOT derived from N2 Fixation (N-P mass balance model of