On scientific method environment and sustainable development 教学课件.ppt

On scientific method René Kemp What is science? It is what scientists do: reading, researching, writing, talking to each other, create clubs It is the process of hypothesis formation, empirical testing, hypothesis reformulation, retesting, and so on Falsification or verification? Hypotheses of Adeoti H1a: The introduction of the S.I.8/S.I.9 environmental regulatory law has led to increased adoption of wastewater treatment plants in the Nigerian manufacturing industry. H2a: The adoption of EBT will be positively correlated with the firm’s internal capability for innovation as defined by the share of technical personnel in the total employment. ?H2b: The adoption of EBT may be related to the existing level of investment in capital equipment for the main production activities. H2c: The capability of a firm to adopt an EBT will be inherently determined by the technological knowledge related network contacts a firm has. H2f: The type of EBT adopted for compliance with the S.I.8/S.I.9 regulation depends on the strategy for environmental policy implementation, whether co-operative or antagonistic. Questions of transitions project Q1: Are there identifiable transition phases such as the predevelopment stage, take-off stage, breakthrough stage and stabilisation stage? Can such stages be operationalised? Q2: To what extent were TT foreseen, expected and intentionally managed, at the different stages? What was the role of widely shared expectations? Q3: Are there common strategic behavioural patterns in transitions (such as regime actors first fighting a new development pioneered by niche actors and later on sustaining it)? Q4: What role did incremental innovation play in TT? Did it help to sustain the old regime (‘sailing ship effect’) by defending it against a new development or did it provide opportunities for further change (‘stepping stone dynamic’)? Q5: Does the interplay of technical change and institutional change differ in different transitions and in variou