Policy instruments for environmental protection environment and sustainable development 教学课件.ppt

Policy instruments for environmental protection René Kemp Environmental policy instruments Varieties of policy instruments Emission trading in operation US SO2 “Acid Rain” Trading Began in 1995Significant emissions reduction with 30% savings vs non-flexible methodsUS NOx Trading ProgramsCalifornia “RECLAIM” SO2 NOx, began 1994Northeastern states, began 1999Texas began 2002Expansion of NE states program (NOx SIP Call) to Midwest SE, 2004 UK ETSBegan in 2002 Chicago Climate ExchangeVoluntary GHG trading system; began late 2003 EU ETSBegan January, 2005 Acclaimed advantages of economic instruments Static efficiency Informational economy Government revenue possibilities Incentives for environment-saving technical change Self-reinforcing Common problems with economic instruments Poor monitoring Many companies not invoiced Of the invoiced, many do not pay (especially state companies) Fees set at a low level for political reasons Fees been given back to polluters in the form of subsidies to pollution control Often better to pay the fee that do something “. . . Environmental policy implementation is often difficult given the lack of appropriate control, monitoring and start-up mechanisms. In some cases the legal framework for environmental management is diluted in numerous legal texts and throughout diverse institutions, and environmental matters are often delegated to several public institutions at different political levels. The creation of new policies and institutions does not always include a revision of previous legislation” (UNEP, 2000, referring to Latin America) A 3-stage model for environmental policy One possible path would begin with a technology requirement - - all sources in a certain industry would be required to install a particular technology. This is easy to monitor and can be done when technology costs are not prohibitively high. As discharge monitoring capability and general civil service morale increased, the technology requirement c