生物化学原理教学（杨荣武）chem_482_annotations_2.pptVIP

Chapter 10 - Introduction to Metabolism A. Metabolism: the Sum of Cellular Reactions Anabolism and catabolism (Fig 10.1) Common themes of organisms Common Themes (continued) Forms of metabolic pathways (Fig 10.2 Fig. 10.2 (continued) B. Metabolism Proceeds by Discrete Steps (Fig 10.3) C. Metabolic Pathways Are Regulated Feedback inhibition Compartmentation of metabolic processes (Fig. 10.6) D. Thermodynamics and Metabolism Relationship between energy and entropy The Standard State (DGo) Conditions Equilibrium Constants and Standard Free-Energy Change Actual Free-Energy Change Determines Spontaneity of Cellular Reactions E. Catabolism produces high energy compounds for use in anabolism E1. The Free Energy of ATP Table 10.1 Complexes between ATP and Mg2+ (Fig 10.8) Energy of phosphoanhydrides Phosphoryl-Group Transfer Table 10.3 E2. Thioesters Have High Free Energies of Hydrolysis E3 Reduced Coenzymes Conserve Energy from Biological Oxidations Electron Transfer from NADH Provides Free Energy F. Experimental Methods for Studying Metabolism Chapter 11 - Glycolysis A. Glycolysis Is a Ubiquitous Pathway Net reaction of glycolysis Overview: The hexose stage Movement into the triose stage The triose sugar stage 1. Hexokinase reaction (Fig 11.3) Isozymes of hexokinase 2. G-6-P isomerase: Conversion of G6P to F6P (Fig 11.4) 3. Phosphofructokinase: The Reaction 4. The Aldolase Reaction Fig 11.5 Mechanism of aldolases 5. Reaction of Triose phosphate isomerase Fig 11.6 Fate of carbon atoms from hexose stage to triose stage 6. Reaction of GAPDH: GAP converted to 1,3BPG Step 6: Mechanism of GAPDH: transformation of high energy bonds Step 6 continued 7. Phosphoglycerate kinase reaction 8. Phosphoglycerate mutase reaction 9. Enolase reaction: Backdoor synthesis of a high energy intermediate. 10. Pyruvate Kinase (PK) Fig 11.9 B. The three fates of pyruvate 1. Metabolism of Pyruvate to Ethanol (yeast - anaerobic) 2. Reduction o