微分方程,英文版1精选.pdfVIP

The integrating factor method (Sect. 2.1) Overview of differential equations. Linear Ordinary Differential Equations. The integrating factor method. Constant coefficients. The Initial Value Problem. Variable coefficients. Read: The direction field. Example 2 in Section 1.1 in the Textbook. See direction field plotters in Internet. For example, see: / dfield/dfpp.html This link is given in our class webpage. Overview of differential equations. Definition A differential equation is an equation, where the unknown is a function, and both the function and its derivative appear in the equation. Remark: There are two main types of differential equations: Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE): Derivatives with respect to only one variable appear in the equation. Example: Newton’s second law of motion: m a = F. Partial differential Equations (PDE): Partial derivatives of two or more variables appear in the equation. Example: The wave equation for sound propagation in air. Overview of differential equations. Example Newton’s second law of motion is an ODE: The unknown is x(t), the particle position as function of time t and the equation is d2 1 dt2 x(t) = m F(t, x(t)), with m the particle mass and F the force acting on the particle. Example The wave equation is a PDE: The unknown is u(t,x ), a function that depends on two variables, and the equation is ∂2 2 ∂2 ∂ t2 u(t,x ) = v ∂x 2 u(t,x ), with v the wave speed. Sound propagation in air is described by a wave equation, where u represents the air pressure. Overview of differential equations.