第四章 土的形成及工程性质 工程地质双语备课笔记.docVIP

Chapter 4 The formation of soil and its engineering properties Soils are the results of natural geological history, at the same time soils are also the most common materials distributed on the ground surface of the earth crust. The engineering properties of soils have closely relations with the engineering activities of human being. Because of complexities of soils, many engineers have been paid much attention to the study on soils. In some sense, the complexities of soils are mainly from the complexity of formation process of soils and the complexities of soils constitution. In this chapter, We are mainly concerned with the formation, constitution of soils, the classification of soils based on the different formation, since others aspects about soils will be discussed in soils mechanics. ?4-1 Soil formation Soils are porous natural materials composed of inorganic and organic matter, soils are the end product from weathering rocks.(Also we can merely take it as a stage in the gigantic cycle of mineral recycling by the movement of tectonic plates) Weathering takes a vital important role in the process of soils formation. Under the influence of physical factors like deformation by heat and cold, assault by wind, rain, hail and ice, and the enormous levering forces of water expanding into ice, solid rock is shattered into smaller pieces (see picture). But however small these fragments, they still have the same properties as the parent rock.? Factors in soil formation: parent material time climate atmospheric composition topography organisms ?4-2 The main types of soils based on the formation process Generally speaking, the engineering properties of soils are much influenced by the varieties of formation process. So in this aspect, it is important for a civil engineer to know the soils types based on formation process. 1 Eluvial soils(残积土) The eluvial soils（residual soils）are the direct products of weathering, they ar