英美毕业生反差明显 供稿——王丹萍.docxVIP

经合组织：美国大学毕业生收入优势最大 英国《金融时报》 /search/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E2%80%A2%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3/relative_byline戴维?特纳 伦敦报道 /archiver/2009-09-102009-09-10经合组织(OECD)的一项研究显示，美国男性大学毕业生一生中有望比仅仅完成高中学业的人多挣36.7万美元，在富裕国家中的差距最大。报告作者安德烈亚斯?施莱克尔(Andreas Schleicher)将美国大学毕业生巨大的收入优势归功于该国“灵活的劳动力市场”：“如果你拥有优秀的技能，市场就会回报你。”他表示，在美国，“人们更愿意换工作”，直至找到报酬与自身资质价值相符的工作。但资本经济(Capital Economics)美国经济学家保罗?阿什沃思(Paul Ashworth)认为，美国收入差距巨大的部分原因在于，相比于许多欧洲国家，美国企业成立工会的比例较低。工会的集体议价往往会推高非大学毕业生的工资，减少他们与大学毕业生之间的差距。他还表示，美国文化对于同一家公司不同人群的巨大收入差距更为宽容。美国女性大学毕业生的收入优势要小得多，为22.9万美元，但仍是富裕国家中收入差距最大的。施莱克尔认为，这主要是因为女性由于家庭责任，更可能从事兼职工作，或有段时间根本不工作。这些数据并没有考虑到大学毕业生要支付更高税率。约有35%的美国高中毕业生能够完成大学学业。将富裕国家作为一个整体衡量，男性大学毕业生能多挣18.6万美元，而女性能多挣13.4万美元。经合组织利用这些数据来激励富裕国家的更多人进入大学学习，并鼓励政府提供资助。GRADUATES TOP PAY SCALE, SAYS OECDBy David Turner in London /archiver/2009-09-102009-09-10A male graduate in the US can expect to earn $367,000 more during his lifetime than someone who merely completed high school – the greatest premium in the rich world, according to research by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Andreas Schleicher, the reports author, credited the huge earnings boost for US university graduates to the countrys “flexible labour market”. “If you have good skills, the market will reward you,” Mr Schleicher said. In the US, “people are more willing to change jobs” until they find work that pays them what their qualifications are worth, he said.But Paul Ashworth, US economist at Capital Economics, suggested the wide US gap was due partly to low rates of unionisation compared with many European countries. Collective bargaining by unions tended to push up wages for non-graduates – reducing the differential between them and university graduates. He also said US culture was more tolerant of wide gaps in earnings between different people within the same company.The earnings boost is much lower for US women, at $229,000 – but it is still the highest in the rich world. Mr Schleicher suggested that was mainly because females are more likely