表面化学Micelle formation.pptVIP

Micelle formation When the concentration of surfactant reaches a critical concentration, the hydrophobe of the surfactant will organize to form micelle. In the micelle, the lipophilic hydrocarbon chains are orientated towards the interior of the micelle, leaving the hydrophilic groups on contact with the aqueous medium. The concentration above which micelle formation becomes appreciable is termed the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Properties of micelle Several physical properties of surfactant solution abruptly change at CMC. Measurement of CMC Surface tension method Measure the surface tension ?of the solution with different concentrations; Plot the ?-lnc curve. Extend the two line at the turning point. The concentration at the cross point is CMC. Factors affecting critical micelle concentrations Structure of the surfactant When the hydrophobe is same, the CMC of ionic surfactant is larger than non-ionic. Increasing the hydrophobic part of the surfactant favours micelle formation. The CMC of ionic surfactants is approximately halved by the addition of each CH2 group. For non-ionic surfactants, The CMC is approximately decreased to 1/10 by the addition of two CH2 groups. This law is valid for the C8~C16 members. Above the C18 member the CMC tends to be approximately constant. log[cmc] = A - Bm where m is the number of carbon atoms in the chain and A and B are constants for a homologous series When the length of the carbon chain is same, the CMC depends on the component. For example, the CMC of Fluorocarbons is greatly lower than that of hydrocarbons. When the length of the carbon chain is same, the CMC is also depends on the structure. The CMC of the surfactant of which the hydrophobe has branches or polar groups is high. The CMC of the surfactant whose hydrophile locates the middle of hydrophobic chain is also high. Electrolyte The counter-ions decrease the CMC of ionic surfactants, for a particular cationic surfactant, as