语言学chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonology.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in language, and to explain the variations that occur. ” Relationship: Phonetics Phonology Both are concerned with the same aspect of language---the speech sounds. the study of all possible speech sounds as individuals the study of the rules that govern the combination of those sounds into meaningful units. focuses on chaos focuses on order, system Part 1 Phonetics Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. (发声语音学) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. （声学语音学） Perceptual or auditory phonetics is concerned with of the perception of speech sounds. （感知语音学 / 听觉语音学） 2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made? 2.1.1 Speech Organs When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. The sounds produced without vibration of the vocal cords. When the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be voiced. The sounds produced with causing vibration of the vocal cords. [r] [l] [g] [k] [p] [b] [m] [θ] [e] [j] 2.1.2 IPA IPA is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. Its basic principles is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sounds. With minor modification it is now still used by phoneticians and linguists. 2.2 Consonants and Vowels Consonants are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.” A vowel is produced without such “obstruction” so that “air escape in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose”. 2.2.1 Consonants 2.2.1.1 T