高分子物理Chapter 8 Dielectric Analysis.pptVIP

Chapter 8 Dielectric Analysis8.1 Polarization and Dielectric Constant In place of a mechanical strain, viscoelastic response may be characterized by applying a time-dependent electric voltage to the sample. The voltage establishes an electric field in the sample, which becomes electrically polarized. This means that any induced and permanent dipoles become oriented in the electric field. Polarization due to ionic conduction and the induction of a dipole moment of the molecule resulting from the distortion of the electron cloud of individual atoms is nearly instantaneous, while polarization due to the molecular motion and alignment of permanent dipoles in the electric field requires time. The polarization and ionic conduction result in the creation of a current whose amplitude depends upon frequency, temperature, and the dielectric properties of the material. As in the case of the stress response in dynamic-mechanical analysis, the frequency of the current is the same as the applied field but is shifted by the phase angle ?. In dielectric analysis, the most important parameter for characterizing a sample is its dielectric constant, ?. Theory. When a voltage (U) is applied across two electrodes between which a dielectric material is applied, a charge is established across the capacitor. This charge, Q, (units of coulombs), is related to U and capacitance (C) of the material (units of farads) as The capacitance may be expressed in terms of the capacitance of vacuum, C0, as Where ? (dimensionless) is the dielectric constant which is a function of temperature and time (or frequency). By definition, the dielectric constant for a vacuum is unity. The dielectric constant for air is only slightly higher at 1.0006, while that for water, which is capable of strong polarization, is 81 at room temperature and low frequency. * 高聚物的电学性质是指聚合物在外加电压或电场作用下的行为及其表现出来的各种物理现象，包括在交变电场中的介电性质，在弱电场中的导电性质，在强电场中的击穿现象以及发生在聚合物表面的静电现象 制造电容器需要介电损耗小而介电常数大和介电强度高的介电材料 仪表绝缘要求电阻率和介电强度高而介电损耗低的绝缘材料