抗生素影响细胞的折叠（英文PPT）antibiotics.pptPPT.ppt

Faculty: Dr. Alvin Fox;Key Words;STERILIZATION:;There are 4 major methods for sterilization: 1. Autoclaving which involves heating liquids (e.g. media) or solids to 121oC under steam pressure. However, the materials must be heat resistant. 2. Ethylene oxide is sometimes used in hospitals for equipment that cannot be heated. 3. Membrane filters have pores that trap bacteria, but allow drugs and small chemicals to pass through; thus pre-sterilized filters can be used to sterilize delicate solutions. 4a. UV light is used for decreasing bacterial levels on surfaces such as in operating rooms; however it is not totally effective. 4b. Ionizing radiation is more efficient and can be used for sterilizing instruments and food.;Disinfectants:;ANTIBIOTICS;1. Antibiotics must act on structures found in bacteria, but not in the host.; The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) refers to the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that stops visible growth. The zone of inhibition around a disk impregnated with antibiotic (Kirby-Bauer) is another measure of antibiotic activity.;INHIBITORS OF CELL WALL SYNTHESIS;Without the restraining influence of the cell wall the high osmotic pressure inside the cell bursts the inner and/or outer membranes of bacteria. Antibiotics which are inhibitors of cell wall biosynthesis are generally bactericidal.;Mechanisms involved in the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis include:;2. The peptidoglycan subunit (containing one side-chain and an attached peptide to be used in cross-bridge formation) is passed across the cytoplasmic membrane attached to undecaprenol diphosphate. After the nascent peptidoglycan monomer leaves the carrier on reaching the cell wall, the undecaprenol diphosphate is dephosphorylated to its monophosphate form. Bacitracin inhibits the dephosphorylation reaction and in the absence of monophosphorylated carrier peptidoglycan subunit synthesis stops. ;3. The final step in peptidoglycan synthesis involv