英语笔译综合(虚拟式)PPT.pptVIP

英语笔译综合 虚拟式及其他 本节主要内容： 1.虚拟式的构成及用法 2.陈述式、祈使式的构成及用法 虚拟式（subjunctive mood），作为专门来表达假设意义和非事实意义的动词形式，仅是古英语遗留下来的残余。在现代英语中，虚拟式一般说来是其他结构的可有可无或语体上的一种变体。虚拟式有两种形式，传统上称为现在时虚拟式和过去时虚拟式，但是使用这些形式与其说和时态有关，不如说和语气有关。 现在时虚拟式分为两大类：命令性虚拟语气和套语式虚拟语气。这两种虚拟语气和祈使语气一样，用动词原形。所以，如果分句的主语是复数，在陈述形式和虚拟形式之间通常就没有区别。除be以外，其他动词的虚拟语气形式只有在第三人称单数时才有区别。 过去时虚拟语气简称were虚拟语气，。 I insist that we reconsider the Council’s decisions. I insist that the council reconsider its decisions. I insist that the council’s decision be reconsidered. 命令性虚拟语气用得很广，因为that分句中的任何动词都可以用命令性虚拟语气，只要领句能满足语义上所要求的条件，即that分句由一个表示要求、推荐、建议、决定、意图等的词引导。 下面是通常用来引导含有命令虚拟语气的that分句的一些词： 动词：decide, insist, move, order, prefer, request 形容词：advisable, desirable, fitting, imperative 名词：decision, decree, order, requirement, resolution 套语式虚拟语气：套语式虚拟语气和命令性虚拟语气一样，由动词原形构成。它主要用在独立分句中的某些固定结构中： Come what may, we will go ahead with our plan. God save the Queen! Heaven forbid that I should let my own parents suffer. Be that as it may, we have nothing to lose。 Were-虚拟语气：表示假设或不真实的含义，用在诸如if，as if， as though， though之类的连词所引导的状语分句中，也用在象wish和suppose这样的动词后面的名词性分句中。 If I were rich, I would buy you anything you wanted. Tim always speaks quietly on the phone, as though he were telling a secret. I wish the journey were over. Just suppose everyone were to give up smoking and drinking. 非真实条件句 如果要表达与现在事实相反的设想，非真实条件句中动词用过去时（be动词的过去时是were），主句的动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形”，如： I should study very hard if I were you. If she knew about it now, she would come. 如果要表达与过去事实相反的情况，非真实条件句中的动词用过去完成时形式“had+过去分词”，主句的动词用“would/should/could/might+have+过去分词”，如： If you had taken his advice, you wouldn’t have made such a mistake. If she hadn’t been so busy last week, she would have come. 表示与将来事实相反或实现的可能性不大的情况时，非真实条件句中的动词通常用“should+动词原形”，主句中的动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形，如： If there should be an accident, it would be a tragedy. If it should rain this afternoon, the volleyball match would be put off. 这种情况下，从句中的动词也可以变化为下面两种形式 用动词过去时 If she got the scholarship next year, she could be able to g