教法期末复习整理.docVIP

Part 1 review of TKT terminologies 1 part of speech: A part of speech or word class describes the function a word or phrase has in a sentence. This controls how the word or phrase can operate and combine grammatically with other words. 2 contraction: two words that are pronounced or written as one, e.g. don’t from do not, isn’t from is not, won’t from will not. 3 lexical set: group of words that belong to the same topic area, e.g. members of the family, furniture, types of food. 4 phonemic script: is a set of phonemic symbols which show (in writing) how words are pronounced, e.g. beautiful is written /…/（音标）. 5 minimal pair: words distinguished by only one phoneme, e.g. ship and sheep, hut and hat, thing and think, chip and ship. 6 function: is a reason why we communicate. Functions are a way of describing language use. [apologizing, greeting, clarifying, inviting, advising, agreeing, disagreeing, refusing, thanking, interrupting, expressing obligation, expressing preferences]\ 7 context: the words that come just before and after a word, phrase or statement and help you to understand its meaning. (上下文；语境) 8 receptive skill: it means it involves responding to text, rather than producing it. e.g. reading 9 coherence: the relationship of meaning [the situation in which all the part of sth fit together well] 10 cohesion: grammatical relation/ grammatical links between sentences. [the act or state of keeping together]（牛津高阶） [is a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together well so that they form a united whole.]（Collins） 11 scanning: reading for specific information. (We don’t read the whole text. We hurry over most of it until we find the information we are interested in, e.g. when we look for a number in a telephone directory.) 12 gist: the main idea or general meaning of a piece of writing, a speech or a converstion. (要点；主旨；大意)（牛津高阶） 13 skimming: reading for gist. i.e. reading quickly through a text to get a general idea of what it is about. 14 pro