《management教学资料》robbins_mgmt11_ppt08_ge.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * Contingency Factors in Planning Manager’s level in the organization Strategic plans at higher levels Operational plans at lower levels Degree of environmental uncertainty Stable environment: specific plans Dynamic environment: specific but flexible plans Contingency Factors in Planning Length of future commitments Commitment Concept: Current plans affecting future commitments must be sufficiently long-term in order to meet those commitments. Exhibit 8-5:Planning in the Hierarchy Organizations Approaches to Planning Establishing a formal planning department Create a group of planning specialists that help managers write organizational plans. Planning is a function of management; it should never become the sole responsibility of planners. Approaches to Planning Involving organizational members in the process Plans are developed by members of organizational units at various levels and then coordinated with other units across the organization. Criticisms of Planning Planning may create rigidity. Plans cannot be developed for dynamic environments. Formal plans cannot replace intuition and creativity. Criticisms of Planning Planning focuses managers’ attention on today’s competition—not tomorrow’s survival. Formal planning reinforces today’s success, which may lead to tomorrow’s failure. Planning isn’t enough. Planning in Dynamic Environments Develop plans that are specific but flexible. Understand that planning is an ongoing process. Change plans when conditions warrant alterations. Planning in Dynamic Environments Persistence in planning eventually pays off. Flatten the organizational hierarchy to foster the development of planning skills at all organizational levels. Terms to Know planning goals plans stated goals real goals framing strategic plans operational plans long-term plans short-term plans specific plans directional plans single-use plan standing plans traditional goal setting means-ends chain management by objectives (MBO) missio