内分泌系统总论（英文）幻灯片.ppt

Imageology X ray，CT，B ultrasound ，isotope Histology and cytology Cytogenetics Diagnosis Typical features in endocrine disease dwarfism gigantism acromegaly Typical features in endocrine disease Cushing syndrome hyperthyroidism Cretinism Addison disease Principal of diagnosis functional Cushing’s symdrome pathology adrenal hyperplasia etiology pituitary microadenoma complications diabetes diabetic nephropathy concurrent disease hypertension cataract prophylaxis： endemic goiter Iodine deficiency?iodine replacement Treatment： hyperfunctioning medicine、surgery、radiation hypofunction hormones replacement and organ transplantation symptomatic and supporting therapy prophylaxis and treatment What is endocrine? The term “endocrine” was coined by Starling roughly 100 years ago to contrast actions of hormone secreted internally with those secrected externall which is termed “exocrine”. The term hormone, derived from a Greek phrase meaning “to set in motion,” aptly describes the dynamic actions of hormones as they elicit cellular responses and regulate physiologic processes through feedback mechanisms. Amino acid derivatives and peptide hormones interact with cell surface membrane receptors, while steroids, TH, VitD and retinoid are lipid-soluable and interact with intracellular nuclear receptors Hormone release is the end-product of a long cascade of intracellular events. As indicated in this slide, peptide hormone is often in the form of a precursor molecule that may itself be biologically inactive. This prohormone may be further processed before being packaged into granules, in the Golgi apparatus. These granules are then transported to the plasma membrane before release. Hormone secretion is itself regulated by a complex combination of intracellular regulators. Hormone release may be in a brief spurt caused by the sudde