战略联盟幻灯片教学讲义.pptVIP

II讲;（Qster 1994）An agreement in which two or more firms combine resources outside of the market in order to accomplish a particular task or set of tasks。 包括两层含义： 1）为了一件任务或一组任务而合作； 2）通过市场之外进行资源组合。（不通过市场进行交易）;; Theory of the firm: two ways to organize production – Market (contract) – Firm (merger) ? Strategic alliance is an organization form that lies between market and firm ? In an alliance resources are combined across organizations but the organizations themselves remain separate identities 既能得到企业的好处，又能避免完全成为一个企业带来的弊端，如，文化背景不同等。 ;;;Competition Effects of Strategic Alliances ? Strategic alliances can affect how firms compete against each other ? If a strategic alliance lessens competition, it benefits the firms but it may be harmful to consumers ? Two major strands of literature – RD strategic alliances – Production strategic alliances 欧盟，一般对第一类比较宽松，对生产方面的战略联盟限制得紧一些。;RD Alliances 在正的外部性存在的情况下，单独投资会使经济效率偏低，若将两企业合在一起，则使效率提高。（例如，苹果园与蜜蜂园） 在中国，产、学、研战略联盟成功的例子。校办企业的产生… ? Firms cooperate in RD spending and/or activities ? Two seminal papers: D’Aspremont and Jacquemin 1988, Kamien, Muller and Zang 1992 ? Kamien et al is a generalization of D’Aspreomont and Jacquemin ;? In both models: ? Oligopolistic firms engage in RD ? RD has spillover effects ? Main conclusion: There is no uniform conclusion with regard to the effects of RD cooperation on RD spending. They depend on the size of spillovers as well as how RD cooperation is organized 结论是有争议的。 ;;Cooperation in RD Only Stage 2: The same as above Stage 1: The firms maximize the joint profit 考虑对称的情况 we obtain the following first-order condition: Then the equilibrium solution: ;Monopoly At stage 2 The monopolist maximizes joint profit: Focusing on the symmetric solution at x1 = x2 = x, we obtain: At Stage 1 The equilibrium solution ;三种情况的比较： Result 1: and if and only if β ?. ? RD 溢出有两种效应： 1） “Combined profits externality”: 若没有 RD合作，企业不会考虑 RD对竞争对手利润的正的外部性作用。 2） “Competitiv