英语语法虚拟语气整理.docxVIP

虚拟语气虚拟语气用来表示假想，而不表示客观存在的事实，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。虚拟语气表示说话者所说的话并非事实，或难以实现的，甚至表达相反的概念。另外表示主观愿望或表达某种强烈的感情时，也用虚拟语气。条件状语1、表示与事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况从句：If+主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have doneIf I had got there earlier,I should/would have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）3、表示对将来情况的主观推测从句：①if+主语+were to do （if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式，其他如wish， even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气）②if+主语+should+do③if+主语+过去式（be动词用were）主句：主语+should/would/might/could+doIf he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就去滑冰。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer,too.如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了If they had informed us,we would not come here now.如果他们通知过我们的话，我们现在就不会来这里了。②从句的动作与现在事实相反，而主句的动作与过去事实不符。If he were free today,we would have sent him to Beijing.如果他今天有空的话，我们就已经派他去北京了。5、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，并且需要倒装。Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.Were she here,she would agree with us.Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.【注】若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should, had等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。②有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词：Had I time,I would come. 假若我有时间，我会来的。(=If I had time…)6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为...）等But for his help,we would be working now.Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progress.We didnt know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.7、有时，虚拟条件语气的从句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。①省略从句He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。You could have passed this exam. 你本能通过这次考试的。②省略主句If I were at home now.要是我现在在家里该多好啊。If only I had