图像和图形 - 广东技术师范学院.ppt

 图像可以表现一个物体、一个二维或三维场景或另一幅图像等等，它的内容可以是真实的也可以是虚构的，我们可以将图像抽象地看做定义在一个矩形区域上连续函数。 An image is a spatial representation of an object, a two-dimensional or three-dimensional scene or another image. It can be real or virtual. An image may be abstractly thought of as a continuous function defining usually a rectangular region of a plane. 图像上的采样点叫图像元素，一般简称为像素，像素的光强值叫灰度级(我们对颜色进行了编码)，像素的光强值用整数表示，它取决于图像函数在这一点附近区域颜色的平均效果。 The points at which an image is sampled are known as picture elements, commonly abbreviated as pixels. The pixel values of intensity images are called gray scale levels(we encode here the “color” of the image). The intensity at each pixel is represented by an integer and is determined from the continuous image by averaging over a small neighborhood around the pixel location. 如果光强值只有两个，比如黑和白，那么就可以用0和1表示，这种图像叫二值图像。如果用8位来表示一个点，灰度值就可以从0变化到255，图4.1就是这样一幅图像。 If there are just two intensity values, for example, black and white, they are represented by the numbers 0 and 1; such images are called binary-valued images. When 8-bit integers are used to store each pixel value, the gray levels range from 0 (black) to 255 (white). An example of such an image is shown in Figure 4.1. 数字图像通常占用存储空间很大，例如，要得到没有明显的质量下降的NTSC电视图像，数字化时就必须使用640×480×8/像素的矩阵，这样就需要307 200个8位像素，共2 457 600位，并且许多情况下还要求更精确的采样。 Digital pictures are often very large. For example, suppose we want to sample and quantize an ordinary television picture (NTSC) with a VGA (Video Graphics Array) video controller,so that it can be redisplayed without noticeable degradation. We must use a matrix of 640×480 pixels, where each pixel is represented by an 8-bit integer. Hence, this image specification gives an array of 307,200 8-bit numbers, and a total of 2,457,600 bits. In many cases, even finer sampling is necessary. 这种图像格式有两个主要参数:空间分辨率和颜色编码方式。空间分辨率即图像是多少像素乘多少像素的，颜色编码方式即每个像素作多少位来表示。这两个参数都与图形输入/输出的软梗件设备有关。下面我们以SPARC计算机和IRIS计算机所支持的图像格式为例。 The image format is specified by two main parameters: spatial resolution