慈禧与清末新政的启动及转轨Ci Xi and the start and transition of the new deal in the late Qing Dynasty.pdfVIP

慈禧与清末新政的启动及转轨 摘 要 慈禧在晚清史上具有举足轻重的地位。她掌握清朝政权达48 年之久， 历经晚清史上一系列重大历史事件。慈禧执政时面临着复杂的国内外局 势，部分有识之士认识到：必须进行改革以挽救清朝统治和民族危亡，并 为此而进行过多方努力。但是，慈禧对于世界大势的认识水平，她所具有 的浓厚的权力欲望及其以女人干政的特殊背景，却使她长期动摇于保守与 开明之间。这种兼具保守与开明的双重性格趋向，对她在应付内外局势时 所采取的措施和方式产生了重要影响。 庚子事变之际，慈禧因对信从顽固派而导致的国难产生愧疚，一度反 躬自省，其对外观念发生了一定程度的转变，在一定程度上萌发了自强雪 耻的思想。在这一系列复杂心态影响下，慈禧开启了新政改革的阀门。在 清末新政中，慈禧的变革意向比较明确，积极支持内外臣工的变革要求， 使得新政措施得以较大程度的贯彻实施。 1905 年前后，鉴于新政的局限、国内局势的动荡，慈禧在亲贵、重臣 的呼吁恳求下，先是派遣五大臣出洋考察政治，后来决定实行立宪君主政 体，颁布宪法大纲，宣布以九年为预备立宪的期限，迈出了政治体制改革 的步伐。慈禧辞世前，预备立宪已经取得了实质性的进展。 慈禧虽然无法引导清政府摆脱穷途末路的困境，无法使中国走出半殖 民地的深渊，但在其执政的最后阶段，主持了清末新政并使之开始向君主 立宪政体转变，为清政府的自救和变革努力做出了一份贡献，对于中国早 期现代化也起了一些积极作用。 关键词：慈禧、清末新政、预备立宪 Empress Dowager with the Beginning and Turning of New Policy Reform of Late Qing Abstract Empress Dowager had the prominent position on the Chinese Modern History. The political power that she controlled the Qing Dynasty amounted to 48 years, and she experienced successively the important history affairs, such as the Coup Hundred Days of Reform, New Policy Reform of Late Qing...etc. When Empress Dowager was ruling Qing Dynasty, she faced complicated of domestic and international situation, so she must proceed to reform to save Qing Dynasty and nationality crisis. At the same time, when she dealed with the situation of Qing Dynasty ‘s difficulty of both the interior and exterior, Empress Dowager’s character, power desire, conservative enlightened simultaneity, for example, had importance influence to the way of measure . After the coup of 1900, Empress Dowagers concept to Hesperian had a certain degrees change, and also she was ashamed and uneasy to her people and count