[初三语文]08Chapter+8_pragmatics.ppt

* Thus, (a) below should be interpreted in the stereotypical way by the I-Heuristic, say the probability is n, then (b) should be interpreted in the marked way by the M-Heuristic, i.e., the probability is less than n. (a) It’s possible that the plane will be late. (b) It’s not impossible that the plane will be late. * In the same way, the use of a longer alternative to a simple causative verb suggests some deviation from the normal situation. Bill stopped the car. ? Bill did it in the stereotypical manner with the foot pedal. Bill caused the car to stop. ? Bill did it indirectly, not in the normal way, e.g., by the use of the emergency brake. * If the speaker uses a marked expression the man instead of an unmarked expression he, then John and the man will not be coreferential不是同指. John came in and the man laughed.? There is still a long way to go before we find a solution to all the problems we have in the study of language in use, and there are new attempts to improve on all these principles. Name some contextual factors/components A web/network of semiotic fields=the umbrella term = context * * * * * The hearer-based Q-principle is a sufficiency condition in the sense that information provided is the most the speaker is able to. For example, (a) below implicates (b): (a) Some of my friends are linguists. ? (b) Not all of my friends are linguists. * The R-principle encourages the hearer to infer that more is meant. Typical examples are speech acts like: Can you pass the salt? * The Q-principle is concerned with the content. The speaker who follows this principle supplies the sufficient information. The R-principle is concerned with the form. The speaker who employs this principle uses the minimal form, so that the hearer is entitled to infer that the speaker means more than he says. * Example: negation usually means ‘less than’. He didnt eat three carrots. ? He ate less than three carrots. Metalinguistic negation元语言否定: He didnt eat THREE carrots. He ate F