岩浆岩石学Ch 19 Continental Alk.ppt

Chapter 19: Continental Alkaline Magmatism Alkaline rocks occur in all tectonic environments, including the ocean basins Conversely, Chapters 12, 15, 17, and 18 have shown us that magmatism on the continents can be highly varied, including tholeiitic and calc-alkaline varieties Now focus on the alkaline rocks that compose an extremely diverse spectrum of magmas occurring predominantly in the anorogenic portions of continental terranes Chapter 19: Continental Alkaline Magmatism Alkaline rocks generally have more alkalis than can be accommodated by feldspars alone. The excess alkalis appear in feldspathoids, sodic pyroxenes-amphiboles, or other alkali-rich phases In the most restricted sense, alkaline rocks are deficient in SiO2 with respect to Na2O, K2O, and CaO to the extent that they become “critically undersaturated” in SiO2, and Nepheline or Acmite appears in the norm Alternatively, some rocks may be deficient in Al2O3 (and not necessarily SiO2) so that Al2O3 may not be able to accommodate the alkalis in normative feldspars. Such rocks are peralkaline (see Fig. 18-2) and may be either silica undersaturated or oversaturated Table 19-1. Nomenclature of some alkaline igneous rocks (mostly volcanic/hypabyssal) Basanite feldspathoid-bearing basalt. Usually contains nepheline, but may have leucite + olivine Tephrite olivine-free basanite Leucitite a volcanic rock that contains leucite + clinopyroxene ? olivine. It typically lacks feldspar Nephelinite a volcanic rock that contains nepheline + clinopyroxene ? olivine. It typically lacks feldspar. Fig. 14-2 Urtite plutonic nepheline-pyroxene (aegirine-augite) rock with over 70% nepheline and no feldspar Ijolite plutonic nepheline-pyroxene rock with 30-70% nepheline Melilitite a predominantly melilite - clinopyroxene volcanic (if 10% olivine they are called olivine melilitites) Shoshonite K-rich basalt with K-feldspar ± leucite Phonolite felsic alkaline volcanic with alkali feldspar + nepheline. See Fig. 14-2. (p