操作系统概念课件ch02.pptVIP

CHAPTER 2: COMPUTER-SYSTEM STRUCTURES Computer system operation I/O structure Storage structure Storage hierarchy Hardware protection General system architecture COMPUTER SYSTEM OPERATION Computer System Operation The CPU and I/O devices can execute concurrently. CPU fetches a instruction and executes it. moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers. Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type. has a local buffer. I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller. informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt. Computer System Operation An operating system is interrupt driven. Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines. Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction. Incoming interrupts are disabled while another interrupt is being processed to prevent a lost interrupt. A trap is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request. Computer System Operation Interrupt handling The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter. Determines which type of interrupt has occurred: polling vectored interrupt system. Separate segments of code determine what action should be taken for each type of interrupt. Returns to the saved state or other parts of OS. Computer System Operation Interrupt Time Line For a Single Process Doing Output I/O STRUCTURE Synchronous I/O: After I/O starts, control returns to the user program only upon I/O completion. How to wait for I/O completion: Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt. Wait loop (contention for memory access). If the CPU always waits for I/O completion, at most one I/O request is outstanding at a time,. Thus, whenever an I/O interrupt occurs, the OS knows exactly which device is interrupting. This approach excludes concurrent I/O operations