海洋的两个用途　.pptVIP

Two uses of sea: 海洋的兩個用途： 1. Communications 交通 2. Resources (fish, oil, etc.) 資源﹝魚產、石油等﹞ Early European colonialist claimed sea as territory 初時歐洲殖民者聲稱海洋是領土 Grotius said seas are res communis (common thing) of humanityGrotius說海洋是人類的共有財産Spoke of “freedom of sea”: unrestricted navigation, fishery and scientific research有說「海洋自由」: 無限制的航海、捕漁和科学探索 Today also includes “freedom of immersion,” i.e. right to lay submarine cables oil pipelines今日還包括「內載自由」，即舖設海底電纜和油管Main restriction on freedom of seas is that vessels are subject to jurisdiction of flag state海洋自由的主要限制是指船艦的管轄權是根據其所懸掛的國旗而定No ship may bear state‘s flag without its permission沒有船只可在沒有國家的許可情況下懸掛該國的國旗Should be “genuine link” between flag state and ship國旗與船應是「真正關聯」的States now proclaim parts of seas as their “maritime belts” or territorial seas現在國家宣稱部分海洋是其“領海帶”或領海 Internal waters have connection with land territory, e.g. harbours, lakes, rivers, etc.內海與國界是有聯繫的，例如港灣、湖泊、河流等No right of innocent passage through internal waters在內水不適用無害通過權Question of whether bays are internal waters is much disputed海灣是不是內海是很有爭議性的問題State may draw straight line across mouth of bay to seal it off where bay entrance not more than 24 miles國家可能在海灣口畫不長於24公里的直線，以劃出海灣Where bay is historic, state may enclose all of it當海灣是「歷史性」時，國家便可把它整個佔有 Question of internal waters also important concerning archipelagos內海問題對於群島也是十分重要的Dealt with in detail in UN Law of the Sea Convention (signed 1982; came into force 1994)詳細見於《聯合國海洋法公約》﹝簽定於1982年，於1994年生效﹞Territorial seas that are not internal are also part of states that they border領海並非內海，但也是國家的範圍Bynkershock in 1702 said states owned seas off their shores to a distance of cannon shot, i.e. 3 milesBynkershock於1702年表示國家擁有離岸至一定大炮射程的海域，即三英里   Under 1982 Convention, state can claim 12 mile territorial sea, from baseline at low-water mark依1982年的公約，國家可以宣稱擁由低潮點開始至外有十二英里的領海範圍In some places, 12 mile limit makes open sea disappear, e.g. English Channel, Bosporus有一些地方 ，十二英里的距离令公海消失，例如英