神经系统药理四.pptVIP

* * * * * * * Lidocaine, the most widely used local anesthetic Rapid onset, medium duration Also available in ointment, jelly, and aerosol Other uses: anti-arrhythmic * * * The modern practice of anesthesiology most commonly involves the use of combinations of intravenous and inhaled drugs, taking advantage of their individual favorable properties while attempting to minimize their potential for causing adverse reactions.In most general anesthetics, Intravenous anesthetics are standard practice to induce, or begin, anesthesia with an intravenous agent because it is quick, reliable and convenient. Intravenous anesthetics include barbiturates (thiopental), opioids, BZD, Etomidate, Ketamine, Muscle Relaxants. * Thiopental, midazolam, etomidate and propofol belong to short-acting sedative-hypnotics. Ketamine is a NMDA receptor blocker. Uses in indolent induced abortion. * Rapid induction of anesthesia by intravenous anesthetics has the advantage of avoiding the excitatory phase of anesthesia * * Induce surgical anesthesia as rapid as possible, but shorten stage II as much as possible. Anesthesia accident occurs in stage II (asphyxia) and IV Ether has a slow onset of central action owing to its high solubility in blood * Current general anesthesia procedure does not induce distinct stages as above. The most reliable indication that stage III (surgical anesthesia) has been achieved is loss of the eyelash reflex and establishment of a regular respiratory pattern. The adequacy of depth of anesthesia for the specific surgical requirements is assessed by changes in respiratory and cardiovascular responses with surgical stimulation * The system is composed of a ventilator, a vaporizer, air supplying system and circulatory system * The vaporizer can vaporize the liquid to gas and import the gas to the anesthetic respiratory circulation. The percent of anesthetic in the airflow can be fine adjusted * * slightly sweet odor and taste, causes euphoria, for amusement before