[工学]第五章 网络层协议分析.pptVIP

第五章 网络层协议分析 IP: Internet Protocol ARP: Address Resolution Protocol Ping Program Traceroute Program IP Routing IP is the workhorse protocol of the TCP/IP protocol suite. All TCP, UDP, ICMP, and IGMP data gets transmitted as IP datagrams. A fact that amazes many newcomers to TCP/IP, especially those from an X.25 or SNA background, is that IP provides an unreliable, connectionless datagram delivery service. By unreliable we mean there are no guarantees that an IP datagram successfully gets to its destination. IP provides a best effort service. When something goes wrong, such as a router temporarily running out of buffers, IP has a simple error handling algorithm: throw away the datagram and try to send an ICMP message back to the source. Any required reliability must be provided by the upper layers (e.g., TCP). The term connectionless means that IP does not maintain any state information about successive datagrams. Each datagram is handled independently from all other datagrams. The most significant bit （最高位）is numbered 0 at the left, and the least significant bit of a 32-bit value is numbered 31 on the right. The 4 bytes in the 32-bit value are transmitted in the order: bits 0-7 first, then bits 8-15, then 16-23, and bits 24-31 last. This is called big endian byte ordering, which is the byte ordering required for all binary integers in the TCP/IP headers as they traverse a network. This is called the network byte order. Machines that store binary integers in other formats, such as the little endian format, must convert the header values into the network byte order before transmitting the data. The current protocol version is 4, so IP is sometimes called IPv4. The header length is the number of 32-bit words in the header, including any options. Since this is a 4-bit field, it limits the header to 60 bytes. In Chapter 8 well see that this limitation makes some of the options, such as the record route option, useless today. The normal value of this field (when