[医学]Chapter 16Moving Proteins into Membranes and Organelles.pdf

16 MOVING PROTEINS INTO MEMBRANES AND ORGANELLES A live bovine endothelial cell stained to reveal different intracellular compartments. The lacelike membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were stained with a green fluorescent dye, and the wormlike mitochondria were stained with an orange fluorescent dye. [Molecular Probes, Inc.] typical mammalian cell contains up to 10,000 differ- tein by translation at the ribosome. For membrane proteins, ent kinds of proteins; a yeast cell, about 5000. The targeting leads to insertion of the protein into the lipid bi- Avast majority of these proteins are synthesized by cyto- layer of the membrane, whereas for water-soluble proteins, solic ribosomes, and many remain within the cytosol. How- targeting leads to translocation of the entire protein across ever, as many as half the different kinds of proteins produced the membrane into the aqueous interior of the organelle. in a typical cell are delivered to a particular cell membrane, an aqueous compartment other than the cytosol, or to the cell surface for secretion. For example, many hormone re- ceptor proteins and transporter proteins must be delivered to O U T L I N E the plasma membrane, some water-soluble enzymes such as RNA and DNA polymerases must be targeted to the nucleus, 16.1 Translocation of Secretory Proteins Across and components of the extracellular matrix as well as the ER Membrane polypeptide signaling molecules must be directed to t