[工学]计算机组成结构化方法答案.docVIP

STRUCTURED COMPUTER ORGANIZATION FIFTH EDITION PROBLEM SOLUTIONS ANDREW S. TANENBAUM Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands PRENTICE HALL UPPER SADDLE RIVER, NJ 07458 PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 1 SOLUTIONS TO CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS 1. a. A translator converts programs in one language to another. b. An interpreter carries out a program instruction by instruction. c. A virtual machine is a conceptual machine, one that does not exist. 2. An interpreter executes a program by fetching the first instruction, carrying it out, then fetching the next one, and so on. A translator first converts the original program into an equivalent one in another language and then runs the new program. 3. It is possible, but there are problems. One difficulty is the large amount of code produced. Since one ISA instruction does the work of many microinstructions, the resulting program will be much bigger. Another problem is that the compiler will have to deal with a more primitive output language, hence it, itself, will become more complex. Also, on many machines, the microprogram is in ROM. Making it user-changeable would require putting it in RAM, which is much slower than ROM. On the positive side, the resulting program might well be much faster, since the overhead of one level of interpretation would be eliminated. 4. During the detailed design of a new computer, the device and digital logic levels of the new machine may well be simulated on an old machine, which puts them around level 5 or 6. 5. Each level of interpretation slows down the machine by a factor of n /m. Thus the execution times for levels 2, 3, and 4 are kn /m, kn 2 /m2, and kn 3 /m3, respectively. 6. Each additional level of interpretation costs something in time. If it is not needed, it should be avoided. 7. You lose a factor of n at each level, so instruction execution times at levels 2, 3, and 4 are kn, kn 2, and kn 3, respectively. 8. Hardware and software are functionally equivalent. Any function done by one can, in princi