[生物学]生物化学 Chapter 13 Spectroscopy.ppt

Chapter 13  Spectroscopy Until the second half of the 20th century, the structure of a compound, such as natural product, was determined using information obtained from chemical reaction（functional group reaction, chemical degradation, qualitative test, etc ). Instrumental methods of structure determination of organic compounds have replaced that of chemical methods. The most important among these structure determination techniques are: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy Infrared ( IR ) Spectroscopy Ultraviolet-Visible (UV- VIS ) Spectroscopy Mass Spectroscopy ( MS ) §13.1 Principles of Molecular Spectroscopy: Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation : The properties of both Particles :Photons (光子) Waves (波粒二重性） It’s energy refers to as a quantum ( 量子化) Particle-like properties:  A particle of energy is called a photon.  Each photon has a discrete(不连续的, 离散的)amount of energy : a quantum (量子) Wave-like properties:  It is important to understand wavelength and frequency and how they relate to one another. 光波具有波长、频率。二者为反比关系。 The relation of energy of a photon to its frequency is expressed by Planck’s equation: E = h v E: Energy of a photon SI units: erg 1 erg = 10-7 J = 1 dyn · cm = 1 g · cm2 · s-2 v : Frequency SI units: s-1 ( Hz ) h : Planck’s constant: 6.62 × 10 –27 erg·s Planck 普朗克 (Max Karl Ernst Ludwig, 1858-1947, 德国物理学家, 量子论确立者, 曾获1918年诺贝尔物理学奖) Electromagnetic radiation is propagated at the speed of light ( c = 3.0×10 8 m/s). c = v l v : Frequency ( s -1) l : Wavelength ( m ) Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength; the greater the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Energy is proportional to frequency; electromagnetic radiation of higher frequency possesses more energy than radiation of lower frequency. §13.2 Quantized Energy States The energies of electronic, vibrational, and nuclear spine states are quantized. Absorption of energy equal to E2 – E1 excite (激发) a