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作为研究策略的个案研究：重点理解内部机制 The nature and rules of case studies （Excerpts from Qualitative research and case studies application in education）?A case study is an intensive, holistic description and analysis of a single entity, phenomenon or social unit. （focusing on process not outcome, context not a specific variable, discoverity not confirmation) Anchored in real-life situations, it offers a means of investigating complex social units consisting multiple variables of potential importance in understanding the phenomenon. ?It offers insights and illuminates meanings that expand its readers’ experiences. These insights can be construed as tentative hypotheses that help structure future research. It can also affect and help improve practice.?For “how” and “why” questions, the case study has an advantage. A rich and “thick” description of the phenomenon under study (a complete and literal description) It describes, elicit images, and analyze situations by presenting documentation of events, quotes, samples and artifacts.?Be descriptive:Illustrate the complexities of a situation—not one but many factors contributed to ithave the advantage of hindsight yet can be relevant in the presentshow the influence of personalities on the issueshow the influence of the passage of time on the issueinclude vivid material—quotations, interviews, newspaper articles and etc.obtain information from a wide variety of sourcescover many years and describe how the preceding decades led to a situationspell out difference of opinion on the issue and suggest how these differences affect the resultpresent information in a wide variety of ways and from the viewpoints of different groups.?Previously unknown relationships can emerge from case studies leading to a rethinking of a phenomenon being studied.?It can illuminate a general problem by examining a specific instance. It may or may not be influenced by the author’s bias.?It is a particularly suitable design if you are interested in process. Case