国际分工中的波兰[文献翻译].docVIP

本科毕业论文外文翻译 原文： The New competition and New Economy: Poland in the International Division of Labor 出 处： EUROPE-ASIA STUDIES Vol. 59, No. 5, July 2007, 761 – 777 作 者： JANE HARDY 1. Uneven transformation and the rise of the new economy In the last 15 years the Polish economy has undergone a profound restructuring which has fallen into roughly three phases. In the early to mid-1990s exposure to the inter national economy meant the bankruptcy and closure of large state owned enterprises (SOEs) and in some cases whole sectors, textiles for example being one of the worst affected. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the disbanding of its trading system (CMEA)4 meant the disappearance of the main market for relatively advanced technological goods, which affected key sectors of the economy, din particular. In 1999, the so-called ‘second wave’ of reforms introduced the market into public services and restructured welfare with profound implications for workers and user saclike (Kolarska-Bobin′ ska 2000; Stunning Hardy 2005). The most dramatic of these reforms was in the health service, which resulted in hospital closures and job losses of nearly 27.1% between 1995 and 2003 (see Table 1). By 2006, the third round of restructuring was underway, primarily in areas stipulated by EU competition policy, which has focused on telecommunications, airlines, railways and the post office. Table 1 show that the impact of this restructuring has been highly uneven between sectors, reflecting their degree of competitiveness and their ability to integrate with the global economy. It also reflects the importance of new priorities and functions necessary for a modern capitalist economy. The unevenness of restructuring has been reflected in uneven distributional impacts of transformation in terms of regions, localities, social class and gender (Dun ford Smith 2000; Petrakos 2001; Heidenreich 2